The tobacco landscape keeps shifting—combustibles, heated products, nicotine pouches, and endless device variants—so methods must evolve just as fast. Tobacco Research integrates epidemiology, toxicology, behavioral science, and policy analysis to map risk, test interventions, and inform regulation. We examine how product engineering (power, coil materials, solvents, flavors) alters aerosol chemistry, particle size, and deposition, and why laboratory findings must be interpreted alongside real-world behaviors like puff topography, dual use, and intermittent abstinence. Population studies quantify initiation, progression, and cessation, but accurate exposure assessment is the hinge; we compare self-report with objective measures and outline pragmatic sampling schedules that fit clinical and field settings. On the clinical side, we connect biomarkers to outcomes—airway symptoms, sleep disruption, cardiometabolic markers—and evaluate cessation and harm-reduction strategies across ages and comorbid conditions, including SMI and pregnancy. Policy research remains indispensable: taxation, flavor standards, age verification, clean indoor air laws, and media counter-campaigns all shift trajectories, often unevenly across communities. Equity threads through design and dissemination: language access, rural availability, affordability, and industry targeting that magnifies disparities. We also cover surveillance for product safety signals and adverse events, including systematic case definitions and reporting pipelines. Pragmatically, teams need reproducible tools—standard operating procedures for aerosol generation, validated questionnaires, portable CO and PM sensors, and data dictionaries that allow meta-analysis. With aligned methods and transparent reporting, Tobacco Research, the shared learnings of a tobacco research conference, and analytic anchors like biomarkers of tobacco exposure help convert noisy markets into actionable, patient-centered science.