Xavier Noël, PhD, is a Research Associate at the Belgian National Fund for Scientifi c Research (FNRS) and a Professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). As an expert in the neuropsychology of addiction, his research focuses on the mental mechanisms underlying behavioural phenotypes of addictions, with a particular emphasis on gambling and alcohol-use disorders. He recently developed the theoretical framework of Compulsivity as Constrained Goal Pursuit.